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Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV)

Armored Fighting Vehicles

AFV-top
Image from Inkoalawetrust

Overview

An Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV) is a macroscopic (larger than 0.25 meters) vehicle designed for combat and equipped with armor. AFVs have existed since at least the Industrial Age and have employed many different forms of propulsion, such as wheels, continuous tracks, ground effect, articulated limbs[1], and more. While the definition of an AFV is very broad, a vehicle generally needs to be mostly or entirely limited to moving across or against solid surfaces to be considered one, meaning that other potentially armored vehicles such as aircraft and spacecraft do not fall under the moniker.

Ancient AFVs were originally manufactured in factories on assembly lines with no use of nanofabricated components, but by the late Interplanetary Age this had changed substantially. In the Current Era, virtually all AFV designs (excepting those created by hobbyists) are entirely nanofactured by systems such as warchives and autofabs.

Modern AFVs display a multitude of types, roles, and levels of intelligence -- ranging from sub-turing walkers or tracked carriers good only for basic transport, to vehvecs using an AFV body, to superturing warbots distributed across multiple AFV bodies. In spite of having been largely replaced as genuine combat platforms in the Sephirotic empires in favor of more advanced and flexible categories of weapons, they can still be found in use in some Middletech polities and habitats. They may be deployed by modosphonts or a few lower transapients, and are sometimes created by autowars when needed.

Armor

While it is often assumed that armor simply means being covered in a durable enough material to fend off some degree of physical attacks, the actual definition is much more nuanced and broad. Point defenses can be classified as a form of armor even if they do not physically absorb an attack, as can forms of deception to avoid being detected and attacked in the first place. Historically and even in the modern day, AFVs have utilized different forms of armor depending on the context of where they are deployed, when, what they are expected to be attacked by, and many other variables. As an example of the design challenges involved, an armor kit that relies heavily on point defenses and speed will not be able to stop a large kinetic projectile, which may cause the defender to switch to using heavier physical armor, but that might then leave the vehicle vulnerable to attacks against locations with lighter physical armor [2], which then makes smart attacks that strike the vehicle at those weak points more viable, and so on.

In summary - In spite of common belief, "armor" is actually a very broad and context dependent term, as even shedding all physical armor can still be considered to be a form of armor.

Types

Broadly speaking, some of the most common AFV configurations of the Current Era are as follows:

  • Tanks: Large, heavily shielded vehicles, they are almost always equipped with a very powerful weapon of some kind, be it a chemical or magnetic kinetic weapon or a plasma, particle, or laser weapon. Usually they have no crew complement of any kind. Some users consider an AFV a tank if it mainly moves using tracks.
  • Carrier: An armored vehicle made mostly for transporting individual small units (almost always other warbots), generally more lightly armed and armored than a tank. The archaic Anglic term for this type is "Armored Personnel Carrier".
  • Carrier Tank: Similar to carriers, but much more heavily armed and armored; some designs used by lower Middletech societies add armor for increased durability at the expense of how many combat units can be fitted inside. The archaic Anglic term for this type is "Infantry Fighting Vehicle".
  • Armored Car: A small, lightly armored fast fighting vehicle, usually with no passengers. This is also sometimes a catch-all term for all AFV designs that don't fall under the moniker of a carrier, such as wheeled vehicles that only carry weapons. Historically this referred only to primarily wheeled vehicles, particularly when they were first invented. Some users still consider such vehicles to be armored cars instead of carriers even if they have passengers, particularly if they mainly move using wheels.

History

Industrial Age

The invention of the first AFV is generally considered to have occurred sometime between 80-40BT by the late British Empire during the so-called "Great War", although some scholars argue that they might have been invented even earlier by Italy. The first vehicles of this kind were named "tanks", a term which has largely become a synonym for AFV in the millennia since.

The earliest AFV designs of this period were incredibly crude, employing simple metal sheets for armor, weak chemical combustion drives for propulsion, and being entirely manually controlled by their baseline operators. These vehicles were uncomfortable and dangerous even by the standards of their time, however that would quickly change in the proceeding decades. Later, during the Atomic Age, AFVs began being fitted with defenses for non-kinetic attacks such as radiation and toxic chemicals due to fears of a nuclear war. It was also in this era that new types of AFV were introduced, such as carriers and carrier tanks.

Curiously, in ancient Anglic the etymology for the word "tank" is the same as the word for "water container". Several theories have been proposed as to why, such as that the vehicles were derived from pre-existing designs used for transporting water for the predominantly hu forces of the era, but the consensus is that this choice of term was an early form of memetic engineering employed for military deception.

Information Age

The Information Age continued to see advancements in AFV design, although in this period they were still largely limited to wheels and tracks with some occasional incorporation of highly limited amphibious and underwater capabilities, using crude methods like "snorkels"[3] to operate underwater, and requiring constant maintenance to retain their amphibious abilities. AFVs began gaining more advanced capabilities such as partial automation (e.g self loading cannons, limited self-driving and navigation with sub-turing expert systems, integration with early digital computer systems), more efficient and powerful chemical and hybrid engines, and later still in this period, electrical engines.

Toward the end of the Information Age, AFV design underwent another period of rapid evolution as attacks using simple kinetic and explosive projectiles were supplanted by small and nimble autonomous and remotely controlled weapons such as boombots, smart munitions such as shells timed to detonate sometime after firing, and virtual threats such as electronic warfare and cyberattacks. This in turn led to an increased focus by polities of the era on defending their AFVs against these threats through the introduction of better cyberdefences, kinetic and drone countermeasures, and so on. The culmination of these efforts was the creation of point defenses for AFVs (and other vehicles in use at the time), which allowed units to defend themselves with more than just their armor and over distance. Initially these defenses relied on intercepting incoming attacks with physical projectiles, but in due time were supplanted by laser-based systems with effectively unlimited ammunition and interception speed. Other defenses developed around this era were reactive armor such as "counter explosive"/"Explosive Reactive Armor" and electric armor systems that used capacitor banks to destroy explosive and kinetic projectiles on impact.

Obsolescence Hoax

ooFor a time, many Early Federation historians believed that Information Age AFVs temporarily become obsolete due to armor no longer being a viable defense, before seeing a resurgence sometime in the Interplanetary Age as a result of the introduction of more advanced sub-turing systems and improved manufacturing techniques that circumvented operator survivability and economic hurdles. However this came to be hotly debated by later generations of Federation historians who eventually fell into four camps:
  • Authenticists: Believed surviving accounts of pre-Technocalypse warfare were largely accurate. This was the majority scholarly consensus for the era, although it did wax and wane across the years.
  • Propagandacists[4]: Believed that surviving records were largely the work of early memetic engineering. The reasons given for why this was done varied, however the most common was that it was a way of convincing rivals to use sub-optimal equipment and tactics.
  • Infoplagueists: Believed the records were largely the result of the infoplagues that ran rampant due to the Technocalypse. This was the second most popular interpretation at the time.
  • Mixed Skeptics: A hybrid mixture of the Propagandacist and Infoplagueist camps. Mixed Skeptics argued that the records were affected by a combination of both early memetics and infoplagues, with the temporary obsolescence of AFVs being exaggerated or entirely fabricated.
ooAccording to the then-predominant Authenticist camp, the main pieces of evidence for their position were the relative lack of AFVs being used or mentioned outside of non-fictional media combined with the comparative abundance of surviving news sources showing AFVs being targeted and destroyed by early warbots. In addition, many historical records of state sources documented the reduction and shutdown of armored forces, which was further corroborated by military inventory records of the era showing a large decline of AFVs in most modern states. Finally, many records showed that the development of more potent and smarter weapons and early warbots was occurring much faster than the development of AFVs in this period, with development apparently staying relatively stagnant until the Interplanetary Age.

However in 1301 AT, the superturing historian Cryptkeeper the 6th conclusively proved the Mixed Skeptic hypothesis after uncovering fragmentary records of confirmed early Information Age 'propaganda' which made near identical statements to alleged Interplanetary records, in spite of the massive advancements in military technology made in that time. 4,890 gigabits of combat logs and media of non-bot AFVs from 103 AT were also uncovered and confirmed as fully authentic. However, the final blow against the Authenticist position would come in 1306 AT, when logistical production and inventory logs were uncovered that showed no significant decrease in AFV usage in the Information Age, not even from the great powers of the period. In the end, the earlier Authenticist sources proved to be largely infoplague produced forgeries, with only 16 nations eliminating their AFV forces, mainly because they couldn't afford to maintain them or did not need them.

Interplanetary Age

The early Interplanetary Age (130-200AT) saw the introduction of fully autonomous AFVs and bot carriers ("Unmanned Infantry Fighting Vehicles" in archaic Anglic), vehicles that carried combat bots instead of bionts, with the goal of reducing logistics requirements like crew space and size. Some security forces and especially nation-states of this time were initially wary of using fully ai operated vehicles for military purposes due to not entirely unfounded concerns of glitches [5] or even outright rebellion -- the latter in spite of most records from this period showing that the majority of designs used non-sophont ai. But in due time nearly all polities adopted warbot AFVs as part of the broader automation of their forces. This integration of automation also saw AFVs becoming much smaller in size or using that size for other purposes, due to removing the need for spacious crew compartments and protections like "spall liners" [6]. Other minor improvements included significant improvements in reactive electric armor using superconducting ultracapacitors, indeed some historians claim that electric armor actually entered real use in this era, and not during the Information Age.

This period also saw the limited integration of Direct Neural Interface (DNI) systems (usually modified versions of existing interfaces for atmospheric jet aircraft) into ground vehicles, allowing specialized DNI-equipped human operators to directly interface with AFVs for various purposes, such as getting sensor readouts, receiving updates on the vehicles' condition, and so on. Adoption was initially limited due to the specialized equipment, procedures, and training required, but would increase in the subsequent decades and centuries.

Another notable advancement was the large scale integration of "fish tank" packages into AFVs, which dramatically increased their ability to operate underwater and made it ubiquitous, allowing a vehicle to take in water and separate the oxygen from it, reducing or doing away with the need for 'snorkels' or oxygen tanks altogether. This, in addition to far more reliable and less maintenance heavy floating capabilities, allowed AFVs to much more effectively operate on and under bodies of water.

It was also at this point that the first AFV models designed to operate in extraterrestrial environments were created, with the Republic of Mars being the first to do so. These extraterrestrial AFVs were fundamentally similar to their Earthly counterparts , but with key differences which allowed them to operate on Mars' still unterraformed, lower gravity landscape, such as modified suspensions and enhanced radiation shielding for the vehicles' ai cores. Offworld polities were also overall more likely to be early adopters of new AFV technologies such as fully autonomous ("Smart") AFVs and - sometime later - microtech and nanotech systems.

The latter half of the Interplanetary Age (200-400AT) also began to see the mass adoption of Optical Phased Array (OPA) technology for military purposes. OPA systems were initially deployed as an attempt to solve one of the biggest problems of point defense: the time required for a turret to turn toward an incoming attack before it gets too close. This was solved by installing OPA emitters across surfaces of the AFV at strategic points. However, more traditional Active Protection Systems were still used as back-up defenses due to the fragility of early OPA panels which sometimes caused them to be damaged to the point of uselessness just by intercepting a single attack.

Beyond quicker point defenses, there are records of some groups using OPA panels to generate visual camouflage and invisibility effects, however the effectiveness of these systems has been debated by both contemporary and modern historians, as even during this early point in history, nearly all sensors were capable of seeing other wavelengths such as infrared, and used multiple methods to identify allies and enemies alike.

The late Interplanetary Age was also when limbed AFVs (then referred to as mechs) began entering into serious military usage. Developed for use in early space habitats where wheeled and tracked vehicles did not work due to the lack of gravity and often cramped interiors, such smaller, articulated vehicles were better suited to the local conditions. The first examples were initially retrofitted utility bots, made as prototypes and simple defenses. The introduction of space mechs also eventually led polities on larger bodies like Earth to introduce their own mechs, however these devices saw comparatively less military usage, due to their limbs being major weak points and being generally less heavily armored, making wheeled and tracked AFVs far more practical. When land-borne mechs were used, they were often lower to the ground to avoid a tall target profile (although they could stand taller if needed), often with 3-4 legs on each side for redundancy and easier balance. Initially this came at the expense of being less reliable due to having more moving parts, which contributed to their rarity relative to other ground AFVs. In terms of application, they were largely used in urban environments and on steep terrain (often alongside smaller and lighter classical AFVs). One location where they saw far more usage was as police units, where their limitations weren't as big of a problem against non-military targets, and they possessed an additional intimidation factor that more standard armored vehicles did not. Police mechs were often larger, using their size to deter crowds of people, in contrast to military units, which were almost always smaller than 5 meters in height or diameter due to being designed to either operate in smaller spaces (as was often the case in both early space habitats and planetary arcologies) and/or present the smallest possible target. These ancient 'police mechs' were also often much more likely to be designed like modern mecha in order to further intimidate humans of the era, which was particularly effective against early hu tweaks and nearbaselines.

Notes:
  1. While it is true that limbed AFVs existed prior to their introduction for military usage by the early space polities, they were only used for games and sports, or were non-combat utility vehicles. This was due to the technology of the Information Age being too unreliable at producing practical military vehicles with articulated limbs.
  2. Contrary to some sources, military limbed AFVs were almost always non-humanoid in form, and did not resemble modern sport mecha. Limbed space AFVs in particular often looked even less humanoid, with contemporary sources referring to some as resembling old earth organisms such as starfish and sea urchins.

The Solsys Golden Age

By the beginning of the Solsys Golden Age, AFVs of all forms were widely used around the Solar System, with wheeled and tracked units being almost exclusively used on the terrestrial planets, larger satellites, and a few of the largest artificial gravity habs, while combat mecha were mainly used in the environments that their older counterparts didn't work in. By this point in history all AFVs in use were fully automated by either subturing or slaved ai, although most still retained optional manual and remote control functions in case they were needed.

The Golden Age also saw the widespread adoption of countermeasures against threats like micromachines and military synsect swarms used to breach into vehicles through weak points such as air vents and filters to sabotage critical components including ai cores and cooling systems. Common countermeasures included positive pressure ventilation and blue goo swarms embedded inside the vehicle, the latter particularly around the most important components (i.e motors and ai cores).

A major threat AFVs of the time contended with were "nanomachine canister weapons", projectiles with a variable payload of synsects and basic non-replicating micromachine swarms, often with both present. These canisters were made to detonate against or near the target AFV, deploying their contents to penetrate into critical components such as wheels, radiators (both space and in-atmosphere), and suspensions to destroy them. A common configuration was to put small doses of microbots in the synsects, which then flew through the ventilation and deployed them, or to first use a tandem shaped charge to breach into the vehicle. Particularly insidious variants also made use of stable chemical weapon agents which the vehicle could be sprayed with, making it much more difficult and dangerous for biont personnel to repair or dispose of the vehicle afterwards.

In addition to countermeasures against microtech and synsects, some of the most advanced AFVs also incorporated basic repair systems, mainly in the form of layers of nano and micromachines that sat inert inside the AFVs' armor layers, and activated when the AFV sensed that it had received damage, at which point the smart matter mixture would move in to seal any superficial damage, in a manner that mimicked blood coagulation. But AFVs almost always still required more extensive field repairs afterwards as early 'healing' technology could not perform more sophisticated actions beyond hardening into solid shapes, especially under the strain and chaos of a battlefield environment.

The Sundering

During the Sundering, AFVs were widely used on Earth and Mars alongside most military equipment of the era to quell social upheaval and fight other polities. AFVs were also sometimes used by some security and military forces to try and hide from or even actively fight the Swarms. AFVs used to combat the Swarms of the Outbreak fared much better and in a few cases were even able to fully destroy and repel local attacks. However, many forces operating AFVs were initially caught off guard and destroyed by the sudden fabrication of rogue warbots, particularly those that were not already deployed far from any fabs.

During the Last War, the Treaty Org's armored forces proved just as ineffective against GAIA as all other attempts at resistance. While in a few cases AFVs were hijacked by GAIA to strike at Treaty Org forces, most were destroyed in the conflicts between pro and anti-GAIA forces or between various rogue factions that arose in the later stages of the conflict. Based on the most reliable data on record, an estimated 80% of all AFVs on Earth were destroyed in the Last War, of the ones caught in GAIA's first strike, only 22% were able to be deployed at all before their owners were destroyed or defeated. By the end of the war, the remaining 20% were ultimately abandoned and then dismantled by GAIA's biosphere reconstruction swarms, excepting a few thousand that were taken offworld during the Great Expulsion. Of those, 645 are known to have survived to this day, now residing in public museums and private collections and sometimes being used in reenactments.

Following the Great Expulsion, the use cases for wheeled or tracked AFVs became far more niche, as most environments in which subsequent battles occurred were either inside habitats (often in microgravity or cramped spaces or both) or in vacuum conditions, with only those habitats with sufficiently high gravity and open spaces seen as appropriate for such systems. In addition, fear of ai and nanotechnology in the aftermath of the Technocalypse and Great Expulsion led to a reduction in the intelligence of AFVs back to more "dumb", manually controlled vehicles, with many surviving polities also reducing or doing away with the use of nanotechnology-based AFV systems. The return of discrete biont operators for AFVs also led to the reintroduction of chemical weapons such as nerve agents for warfare in non-vacuum environments.
In spite of the fear of ai and nano, some groups still maintained stockpiles of such weapons due to the tactical edge they provided. However, such weapons were often more primitive than their pre-Technocalypse counterparts, with many of them (such as "nanomachine canisters") being stockpiles of old surviving weapons or replicas from surviving or new production lines. A few of these groups even continued development of such taboo technologies, creating new subturing and slaved ai systems and fostering the development of swarm technologies to maintain their tactical advantage.

Interstellar Era and Beyond

As the centuries went by, wheeled and tracked AFVs became more and more obsolete. By the time large Terragen settlements with sufficient gravity and open space were numerous enough for a potential return, AFVs had been supplanted by a combination of much more potent, flexible, and smaller warbot bodyplans and weapons systems able to easily overcome any form of armor utilizing chemical bonds.

Current Era


AFV
Image from Kentsuku CG World (copyright)

In the Current Era, AFVs for serious warfare can still be found in use by some lower tech polities (and even a few low transapients) who don't have access to more advanced technology for one reason or another, particularly in the Outer Volumes and beyond. Some ludd groups make use of them either due to their broader rejection of modern technology or cultural reasons. Autowars may sometimes deploy warbots in AFV configurations for various (sometimes obscure) reasons. And of course, AFV templates across Terragen history can be found in most warchives.

Modern AFVs deployed by polities or created as warbots by autowars can be expected to employ, in comparison and contrast to their ancient counterparts:

  • Vot Operators: Unlike their ancient counterparts which relied on subturing or even slaved ai, most modern AFVs use combat specialized vot systems. Some ludd and hu supremacist polities are known to still use slaved ai in spite of having access to vot technology.
  • Distributed Durable Point Defense: While ancient AFVs relied almost entirely on particle and laser beam point defenses originating solely from the AFV itself, ubiquitous access to far more advanced data encryption and vot control systems means that modern AFVs are almost always equipped with swarm-based distributed defenses, which can linger at distance (and sometimes in hiding) from their primary vehicle and intercept incoming kinetic strikes and/or return fire against energy-based attacks from multiple locations and angles. Advanced encryption allows rapid real-time coordination among units, while autonomous vot control means that defense functions - whether of a single AFV or multiple units all working together - can be carried out even if all inter-unit communications are lost. However, these defenses are still of little use against Ultratech or above energy weapons, which can easily overwhelm any Middle or High tech technology, making them most useful against enemies of a similar tech level.
  • Composite Adaptive Armor: Modern AFVs can employ far more 'intelligent' armor than their ancient counterparts, often in the form of Adaptive Tile Shielding, which consists of many identical armor elements that can dynamically reconfigure themselves using magnetism, seal together with smart matter reinforcement, and reform when elements are blown away or otherwise damaged but not fully destroyed. Individual shield tiles are themselves much more durable, often incorporating materials such as diamondroid-metal-weave composites, heat absorbent materials, and rapidly deployable radiators and cooling systems. However, even with such advances, physical armor is sometimes eschewed in favor of alternate forms of defense such as cyberwarfare, stealth, or superior speed and mobility, particularly if the AFV operator is aware they are going up against opponents with more modern energy and explosive weapons, which can destroy any object as small as an AFV regardless of its' conventional matter composition. Even in situations where high energy weapons are expected to be widely used, physical armor can still be useful for defense against indirect hits such as an ACER munition landing nearby, or simply being targeted by lower-energy weapons such as megawatt lasers. In sum, modern engineering usually allows even lower tech polities still using AFVs to include powerful physical defenses without making concessions to mobility and other aspects of the vehicle.
  • Self repair: Modern AFVs have access to far more thorough and rapid self-repair capabilities than their ancient precursors. While a Golden Age AFV might have taken up to an hour just to perform superficial self-repairs that still required further work in a properly equipped facility, modern AFVs can fully (or almost fully) repair their components within 30 minutes or less, as long as the damage is not too catastrophic for the vehicle as a whole. Unlike ancient AFVs, this is not just done with simple inert layers of crude microtechnology, but instead relies on a combination of a circulatory system of self-repairing smart matter and multiple miniature FITs placed within the vehicle (often in semi-random or even constantly changing locations to make them harder to target). However even this has its' limits, particularly in AFV designs made with lower tech and when the vehicle is still actively under attack. This issue is usually circumvented by having units take turns, with significantly damaged AFVs retreating behind healthier ones or behind cover to repair.
  • Modularity: Like most modern technology, modern AFVs are far more modular than their pre-Technocalypse ancestors. Where an ancient AFV was largely a single block with a limited ability to replace some parts such as engines and weapons, modern AFVs consist of dozens or even hundreds of individual modular pieces, each of them carrying their own independent FITs and ai cores. This, in conjunction with modern self-repair systems and active defenses such as Adaptive Tile Shielding means that a modern AFV can dynamically reconfigure itself in real time to adapt to changing conditions, often including having a limited ability to create new components and modules from mattercaches and warchives. This modularity significantly increases the survivability of individual AFVs relative to their ancestors, allowing a partially intact vehicle to recover surviving parts even if they have been propelled some distance away, repair or replace (via FIT nanofacture) damaged modules, swap parts, or even merge with one or more other AFVs, or any combination of these.
  • Omni-environment Operation: Modern AFVs are often capable of functioning equally well in a variety of atmospheres, on or under the water or in vacuum. This is in stark contrast to their ancient counterparts which had to make trade-offs between environmental flexibility and effectiveness.
However the exact makeup of the technologies used can vary wildly based on what a polity has access to, the practical needs of the design, and even cultural factors.

For non-military purposes, AFV designs are much more common even in developed space, being used in various recreational capacities such as the Water Wars virchgame, a variety of sports and some forms of ritual combat. Some vehvecs and other sophonts will also sometimes adopt AFV body plans, especially ones interested in history and lower tech societies in general.

FOOTNOTES

[1] These limbed AFVs were originally called 'mechs', 'mecha', 'walkers' and other such terms when initially invented, not to be confused with the exclusively humanoid mecha of later eras. However some polities do still use the term to refer to limbed vehicles.↩
[2] This was often, and indeed still sometimes is, a trade off known as 'the iron triangle', where between Mobility, Armor, and Survivability, only one or two can be maximized at a time, requiring trade offs for the rest.↩
[3] A snorkel is a tube extending from the crew compartment out to the water surface above, allowing the often biont operators of the vehicles to breathe.↩
[4]Propaganda is an ancient Anglic term for malicious memetic engineering, particularly against groups.↩
[5] One major incident from this era was the 'Qinglong Garrison FOB massacre' where due to a malfunction in the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems of early warbots, they began identifying the base personnel as enemies, killing 74 humans and injuring 13 others in the ensuring firefight before they were destroyed. However some contemporary and modern sources argue that this was actually a deliberate cyberattack, though the exact identity of the attacker (if identified by the source) varies.↩
[6] A spall liner is a woven fabric like arachnoweave or kevlar, designed to catch any shrapnel created by the impact of an attack. Used to protect the operators of early AFVs, who were often far more delicate than the vehicle proper.↩

 
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Appears in Topics
Drytech/HylotechMiddle Tech / MidtechSurface Weapons
 
Development Notes
Text by M. Alan Kazlev
updated by Inkoalawetrust and Todd Drashner
Initially published on 31 December 2001.

Updated September 30, 2025
 
 
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